Planets and houses and signs, all have similar meanings/indications between the 2 systems (with a few exceptions)
Differences are in the delineative and predictive techniques between the systems, yet we must differentiate when we refer to "Western" astrology, because there are many variations within Western, such as Modernist, Traditionalist and Hellenist approaches.
Perhaps the most significant difference is that the majority of the various Western systems use the Tropical Zodiacal matrix*, while about 99% of jyotish use the Sidereal Zodiacal matrix (although there are some who follow Vedic concepts and practices yet use the Tropical Zodiac of signs-like me!) So, yes, the great majority of Vedic practitioners would recast your natal chart using a precession-corrected adjustment (called an "ayanamsha") and the chart would not be exactly the same as your Western Tropical Zodiac chart.
Another significant difference is the great emphasis given to nakshatras (aka "Lunar Mansions") in Vedic astrology, whereas in the West (with some exceptions) these have not received the same importance as found in Vedic astrology.
(*although a small % of Western practitioners, called "siderealists", use Modernist Western techniques but applied to a sidereal zodiacal matrix)