Decans were originally based upon Egyptian star clusters used for telling time in their ancient star calendar. The ancient Greeks simplified them into 10-degree segments of the signs. The decans are always in the same element of the main sign. For example, in the sign of Libra, the first 10 degrees are the Libra decan, the next 10 degrees are the Aquarian decan, and the last 10 degrees are the Gemini decan because all are air signs, and they go in order starting with the sign's own name.
In horary astrology, the decans are called "faces" and a planet in its own face, as determined by the table of essential dignities, picks up a little strength.
In modern natal astrology, you can look at a planet by decan to get a little more insight into how it operates. If decans interest you, you might also look at dwads (duads) which are divisions of signs into twelve 2.5 degree segments, one for each zodiac sign. These give even more detail into a planet's personality.
For example, suppose someone had the sun in Libra in the Gemini decans. This normally social Libra might partake of some of Gemini's qualities of communication. If the person's sun were in the Virgo dwad, this would reinforce the Mercurial nature, perhaps with an element of perfectionism.
By using decans and dwads, you can get a lot more detail on how the planet operates.